Written by Sidiga Washi and Balghis Badri

The higher education sub-sector in Sudan witnessed phenomenal growth during the 1990s. Until 1989, there were 17 institutions: 4 public universities, 10 public specialized colleges and institutes (belonging to various ministries and specialized departments), two non-governmental universities and an Egyptian university. Today, the sub-sector is comprised of 77 institutions: 28 public universities, 44 private providers of higher education (3 universities, 35 colleges, 3 institutes and 3 academies), and 5 technical colleges established in 2003 (MOHE&SR, 2005).

This unprecedented expansion of the system could have provided those responsible with an excellent opportunity to establish a diversified and differentiated system offering fair access and quality education. None of this was to happen. It appears that the intensity of the political moment and the regime's eagerness to realize the political and ideological goals that motivated the so-called "higher education revolution" blinded it to the possibility of putting to the good use that window of opportunity. Arabic was imposed as a medium of instruction in all higher education institution since 1990 (Eltom, 2005).

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Written by Balghis Badri.

This paper is part of a wider research on the topic of reflecting on the Interim National Constitution of Sudan of 2005. The focus of the paper is to highlight the process of developing constitutions in Sudan since the pre-independence period in 1953. The paper accounts for the evolution of constitution making in Sudan as basically characterized by elitism, exclusionism and limited participation. These characteristics hampered the achievement of sustained peace and democracy to date.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the mistakes of the past in order to avoid repeating them, and to delineate participatory mechanisms needed in future for developing the permanent constitution and the main issues that it should address. The paper was updated in July 2011.

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Written by Awadalla M. Saeed and Amira Y. Badri.

This report was developed in the context of the African-European research and curriculum development project IMMIS – African Migration and Gender in Global Context: Implementing Migration Studies, funded by the ACP-EU Cooperation Programme in Higher Education EDULINK – a programme of the ACP Group of States, with the financial assistance of the European Union.

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Written by Balghis Badri.

This research intends to highlight the process and factors that influenced the drafting and passing of the Interim National Constitution (INC) by the partliament in 2005. The main aim is to delineate how the INC contains problematic articles that hinder the achievement of inclusive peace in all of Sudan and does not address issues of relevance to building an effective state.

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